Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Utility of intraoperative 3-dimensional C-arm cone-beam computed tomography for hepatic transarterial chemoembolization

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1795904

Figure Lengend Snippet: Workflow of intraoperative C-arm cone-beam computed tomography during hepatic transarterial chemoembolization. (A, B) Following selective catheterization of the target artery, the C-arm flat panel and X-ray tube rotate 210° (A) to acquire rotational angiographic projection images (B) . (C, D) The acquired data are reconstructed into cross-sectional axial images (C) and 3D volume-rendered images (D) to visualize the vascular anatomy. (E, F) The 3D reconstructed vasculature is fused with the live fluoroscopic image (E) to generate a 3D roadmap image (F) , facilitating real-time catheter navigation.

Article Snippet: An angiographic power injector (Illumena Néo; Guerbet, Villepinte, France) was used for automated contrast injection, and the contrast injection rate and scan delay time were determined based on the findings from the cDSA images.

Techniques: Computed Tomography

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Utility of intraoperative 3-dimensional C-arm cone-beam computed tomography for hepatic transarterial chemoembolization

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1795904

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative 3D volume-rendered reconstruction images of hepatic tumors obtained using intraoperative C-arm cone-beam computed tomography. (A) Image acquired at the level of celiac artery in a dog with a right divisional hepatic tumor (red dotted line). Branches of the celiac trunk are clearly visualized. Tumor-feeding branches arising from the hepatic artery are well visualized (orange arrows), and extrahepatic collateral feeding vessels originating from the gastroduodenal artery are also well observed (yellow arrows). (B) Image obtained at common hepatic artery with a left division hepatic tumor (blue dotted line). The vasculature branching from the common hepatic artery is well-delineated, allowing for the identification of tumor-feeding arteries (orange arrows) originating from the left hepatic branch, distinct from the normal hepatic arteries. (C) Superselective angiography performed with a microcatheter positioned in the right hepatic lobar artery for a right divisional tumor (yellow dotted line). The image demonstrates distinct visualization of the developed intratumoral feeding arteries and shunting vessels. AC, angiographic catheter; C, celiac artery; CH, common hepatic artery; GD, gastroduodenal artery; Hb, hepatic branch; Hb—Cd, hepatic branch to the caudate lobe; Hb—L, hepatic branch to the left division; Hb—R, hepatic branch to the right division; LG, left gastric artery; SP, splenic artery; rGe, right gastroepiploic artery; CrP, cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery; MC, microcatheter.

Article Snippet: An angiographic power injector (Illumena Néo; Guerbet, Villepinte, France) was used for automated contrast injection, and the contrast injection rate and scan delay time were determined based on the findings from the cDSA images.

Techniques: Computed Tomography

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Utility of intraoperative 3-dimensional C-arm cone-beam computed tomography for hepatic transarterial chemoembolization

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1795904

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative images of a dog with a massive right divisional hepatic tumor (yellow dotted line). (A) Intraoperative C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) 3D volume-rendered image. Tumor-feeding arteries originating from the hepatic branches are clearly visualized (red arrows). Notably, an extrahepatic collateral feeding artery (orange arrow) arising from the gastroduodenal artery is also identified. (B) Preoperative arterial-phase multi-detector computed tomography 3D volume rendered image. While the hepatic feeders are visible (red arrows), the extrahepatic collateral artery observed on CBCT was not visualized. (C) Digital subtraction angiography image obtained after superselective catheterization of the collateral feeding artery using a microcatheter. (D) Fluoroscopic image acquired during embolization using drug-eluting beads. AC, angiographic catheter; CH, common hepatic artery; CrP, cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery; DEB, drug-eluting beads; GD, gastroduodenal artery; LG, left gastric artery; MC, microcatheter; rGe, right gastroepiploic artery; SP, splenic artery.

Article Snippet: An angiographic power injector (Illumena Néo; Guerbet, Villepinte, France) was used for automated contrast injection, and the contrast injection rate and scan delay time were determined based on the findings from the cDSA images.

Techniques: Computed Tomography